Data Entry in the Lab

Volunteer Patty Tuller data enters lab analysis data from paper forms in the clean area of the Fur Store Archaeology Laboratory. While lap top computers have streamlined this step in some of our lab situations, the use of volunteers and the sometimes dusty conditions in the "dirty lab" makes direct digital recording using laptops difficult. After the field school, we hope to continue to use the weatherized IPads for routine collections labeling processes and direct analysis recording.

Field School Preparations

Just finished preparing a presentation for tomorrow's Western States SHPO (State Historic Preservation Conference) meeting, which is being held at the City of Vancouver's Artillery Barracks, part of the Vancouver National Historic Reserve (the affiliated area adjacent to the National Park Service's Fort Vancouver National Historic Site).  The lunchtime talk is will focus on our Public Archaeology field school and introduce the SHPOs and their staffs to our experiment with mobile recording technology.

A few weeks ago I tweaked our Level Record Form and marveled at its potential to reduce mathematical errors associated with elevations, make routine the use of standardized categories, and streamline data collection in the field.  I had hoped to use this with a little project associated with a single 1x1-m test unit, but the timing didn't quite work out.  A screen-shot of the first page of our form is shown -- I'll post the entire form once I have troubleshot it a bit more.

We had a large number of field school applications this year and it looks like it will be a big group.  Am still working out the public lecture series (although almost have it nailed down) and working through the many processes that we run through every year to coordinate between three big organizations -- two Universities and the National Park Service.  So many details . . .

Screen shot of the first page of the Level Record Form.

Cemetery Digital Data Entry Form -- Testing with The Historical Archaeology Class

The groups are finishing up using the new template to enter field data into digital format.  I am linking it to this blog along with the original recording assignment and some tips on data entry.  Most of the students have finished and only a few minor issues are emerging.  An obvious issue is how to translate hard-to-read forms.  This is common of all paper and pencil forms that are translated to digital.  Use of this form in the field will make this problem obsolete.  Another issue is hand-drawn figures on the paper and pencil forms.  We are simply recording that a figure was drawn in the digital form.  In the future, perhaps I will include a drawing platform for use in the field to augment the text-based form, much as the level form I plan to develop soon.  Stay tuned.

By the way, there was a lovely article by Alexis Madrigal in the Atlantic Monthly today on a very special artifact from the Fort Vancouver collections.  The story speaks for itself -- it is in the most humble artifacts that sometimes we find amazing connections!

Last, our web page for the Public Archaeology Field School at Fort Vancouver is live.  Applications are due no later than May 3.  Early notification deadline is April 5.  

Digital Cemetery Headstone Recording

“There is no better place to stand face-to-face with the past than in the old burying grounds . . .” 

James Deetz 1996

My Anthropology 355 class (Historical Archaeology and the Origins of the Modern Pacific Northwest) will help me to test the use of digital recording forms, compiling data from cemetery headstones previously recorded in Vancouver, Washington by the 2011 and 2012 field schools.  

Field school students recording gravestones at
the Old City Cemetery in Vancouver, Washington

The Old City Cemetery (45CL887) in Vancouver, Washington, represents one of the oldest cemeteries in the City.  It was established in July 1867, and is directly tied to Fort Vancouver though the Hudson’s Bay Company Cemetery (the first colonial cemetery in the City) and the U.S. Army Post Cemetery, the latter of  which allowed civilian burials to be interred in it until July 1, 1867. The Old City Cemetery contains many of the early historical figures of the City, like Ester Short, who filed the town plat for Vancouver, Washington;  Charles Slocum, a local businessman who helped to lay out Boise, Idaho; and even former Hudson’s Bay employees, like Joseph Petrain, the baker at Hudson’s Bay Company Fort Vancouver.  The headstones of the Old City Cemetery reflect the changing styles of the mid-19^th and early 20^th century.  The cemetery has been subject to recent vandalism, and the field school project is designed to collect baseline information on headstone condition while collecting data on the forms, decorations, and inscriptions of the headstones.

In the summers of 2011 and 2012, archaeological field school students from Portland State University and Washington State University Vancouver recorded headstones from the eastern half (southeast and northeast quadrants) of the cemetery.  The Clark County Geneological Society has been repairing some of the damaged headstones and has collected a prodigious amount of geneological information on the cemetery:

http://www.rootsweb.com/~waclacem/OldCity/oldcity.htm. Other groups have also taken an interest in preserving and protecting the cemetery, including Project Youth.

As part of the their assignment to explore patterns in cemetery headstones through time and across space, groups of students in my winter term class will use a new digital form to input data previously collected by the field school students on cemetery headstones.  Not only will this give them a feel for historical archaeology data collection, but also test the form for eventual use in the field.  

Going Digital for Field Recording in Archaeology

The use of information and communications technology (ICT) has revolutionized archaeological mapping, image recording, and analysis through tools such as GPS, GIS, and digital cameras (Evans and Daly 2006). Gidding et al. (2011) note that archaeologists have been slow to adopt integrated digital recording techniques, relying to an inordinate degree on paper-based recording systems to collect data on archaeological phenomena. Where archaeologists have utilized digital data, the resultant databases often can answer only very specific research questions (Gidding et al. 2011).

Hand-written, paper-based systems for inventory, site condition and artifact analysis are de rigueur in archaeology. Archaeologists then must digitize these data, adding significantly to the cost of projects, increasing transcription errors, and limiting the amount of digital data. These traditional techniques generate hard copies that cannot be easily backed up. Digital data using ICT are sustainable, more easily saved into multiple copies and stored in multiple locations, and are consistent with resource waste minimization (see Wells and Coghlin [2012]). Digital forms are easier to read in the future as they remove handwriting issues and are quicker to convert for other data needs, such as cataloging. This promotes efficiency between disciplines since it also cuts down on time in museums for curators to access and manage data.

Traditional paper error-checking  in 2011 archaeological field laboratory. 

That the challenges of using ICT field collection are becoming less of an issue is evidenced by the recent session at the 2012 Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology conference titled “Using tablet PCs to support field documentation.” The blog http://paperlessarchaeology.com/ documents the use of iPads for field data collection at Pompeii (cf. Poehler and Ellis [2011]). Real-time archaeological field recording has been tested using GIS in southern Jordan (Smith and Levy 2012). In the North America, the E’se’get Archaeology Project in Nova Scotia has implemented the use of iPads and Adobe acrobat forms that mimic traditional paper forms (http://coastalarchaeology.wordpress.com/). That much professional discourse on the use of these mobile information technologies in archaeological research is presented in blog format reflects their very recent deployment. 

This year's field school will utilize tablet computers, adapting existing archaeological paper forms used in excavation, gravestone recording, and laboratory processing of artifacts, and test the use of these forms in digital format during the field school. Researchers will track results, and provide the forms and their user experience in this blog. The goal is to develop, troubleshoot, train, and implement digital recording on a multifaceted archaeology project.

Evans, Thomas L. and Patrick Daly, Editors

 2006 Digital Archaeology: Bridging Method and Theory. Routledge, NY.

Gidding, Aaron, Yuma Matsui, Thomas E. Levy, Tom DeFanti, and Falko Kuester

 2011 e-Science and the Archaeological Frontier. Proceedings of the 2011 Seventh IEEE International Conference on eScience pp. 166-172.

Poehler, Eric E., and Steven J.R. Ellis

  2011 The 2011 Season of the Pompeii Quadriporticus Project: the Southern and Northern Sides. The Journal of FastiOnline < http://eprints.bice.rm.cnr.it/4033/1/FOLDER-it-2012-249.pdf >

Wells, Christian E.; and Melanie N. Coughlin

 2012 Zero Waste Archaeology. The SAA Archaeological Record 12(4):19-21.

  

Public Archaeology at Fort Vancouver: a partnership in education

The Public Archaeology Field School at Fort Vancouver National Historic Site is a long-running partnership between the National Park Service, Portland State University, and Washington State University Vancouver. For eleven years, the program has introduced the methods and theories of historical archaeology fieldwork to university students while assisting the National Park Service in the management of its cultural resources (Marks 2011). Fort Vancouver National Historic Site is an unparalleled archaeological laboratory, comprising the remains of fur trade Fort Vancouver (ca.1825-1860) and Vancouver Barracks, the first (ca. 1849-2011) permanent U.S. Army post in the Pacific Northwest (Wilson 2008; Wilson and Langford 2011).

View of the Reconstructed Village Houses 1 and 2 

The 2013 Public Archaeology Field School will continue a long-term exploration of the multicultural Village (“Kanaka Village”), the largest colonial period settlement in the Pacific Northwest ca. 1829-1845. Residents included Native Hawaiians, the Métis, and people of many different American Indian tribes (Wilson 2008, 2012). Later, the village was the site of the Quartermaster’s Depot, part of a World War I Spruce Mill, which cut aviation-grade spruce for America’s war effort, and a barracks and training compound for the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). The 2013 field school will explore these sites and continue to collect data on the Old City Cemetery (45CL887), one of the oldest cemeteries in the City of Vancouver, Washington. The cemetery has suffered from repeated vandalism and the project will collect baseline information on headstone condition, and their styles, decorations, and inscriptions to help in its future preservation.

This year's field school provides a research context to deploy a test of mobile information technology in a variety of field situations, while providing a means to expand use of mobile devices in future heritage preservation. 

Marks, Jeffrey

 2011 Defining a Unique Model of PublicEngagement and Evaluating its Implementation at the 2011 NPS Fort VancouverPublic Archaeology Field School. M.A. Thesis, Public Archaeology, University College London.

Wilson, Douglas C.

 2008 Fort Vancouver and Vancouver Barracks. In Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia, pp. 209-212, Francis P. McManamon, editor. Greenwood Press, Westport, CT.

 2011 Hawaiian Identity, Economy, and Landscape at the Multicultural Fort Vancouver Village. Paper prepared for the Symposium “Kanaka”: Native Hawaiians on the American Frontier, Chair and Organizer Chelsea E. Rose, Society for Historical Archeology’s Conference on Historical and Underwater Archeology, Austin, Texas, January 5-9, 2011. (Published at Projects in Parks, Archaeology Program, National Park Service, Fall 2012 http://www.nps.gov/archeology/sites/npSites/index.htm ).

  2012 The Decline and Fall of the Hudson’s Bay Company Village at Fort Vancouver. Association of Oregon Archaeologists Occasional Paper Series 10. (in press).

Wilson, Douglas C. and Theresa E. Langford, Editors

  2011 ExploringFort Vancouver. University of Washington Press, Seattle.